Survival Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Survival - Essay Example Life is a very much complicated object to understand and surmount as well. Social injustice and unequal distribution of wealth, power, resources and opportunities have created a wide gulf within the human race. This can be observed while visiting different societies and cultures of the world. There is lavishness, comforts, merry-making, gorgeous dresses, luxurious vehicles, splendid residences, attractive career and much more at one side; and poverty, lack of proper funds, absence of creature comforts and basic necessities, scarcity and darkness on the other. Deficiency in containing apposite provisions as well as dearth in attaining fundamental requirements leads human society towards the path of deviancy, perversion and criminal activities. â€Å"Social injustice†, Zaidi (2006: 32) views, â€Å"serves as the bleakest aspect of not only the contemporary world, but also of the most primitive clans and tribes consisted of cave dwellers of Paleolithic and Neolithic era. It has been the root-cause of man’s entire dismay, displeasure and dissatisfaction since his birth in the world of bitter reality, and has originated grievances, turbulence and turmoil to the generations from the very beginning till today†. Child abuse is also one of the most depressing features of human society. The article under the title â€Å"Survival† has been extracted from Skin: Talking About Sex, Class & Literature created by eminent feminist writer Dorothy Allison, who raised a strong voice against child molestation and violence against the delicate sex. The article is a bold representation of malpractices committed in the contemporary American society particularly in lower middle and lower lower communities. Allison, the American feminist writer and analyst has very courageously submitted the sensitive case before the world and brought to the limelight how the small children of both sexes, especially the girls from the lower stratum of society, are deflowered by family members,

Business Case Study Essay Example for Free

Business Case Study Essay A report on investigation into Business Case Date: May 02, 2013 Acquainted with your Business situation. I see a few problems within your business. One of the problems is changes in economic environment, which lead to conflict between stakeholders. The other problem is change of business structure. A success factor for any business is to analyse and understand the external environment in which it operates. Understanding of different types of stakeholders within business is essential too. To analyse business situation various method can be used. To analyse your current business situation I have used SWAT analyse which will give you opportunity better understand external environment and how it can impact your business. And will help you better understand conflict between stakeholders. The most basic SWOT analyse will examine how threats and opportunities can be dealt with while allowing the organisation to utilise its strengths and weaknesses to meet its key success factors [objectives]. A basic SWOT analysis should include an assessment of where the company is at current time and where it wishes to be at some point in the future . The organisation also needs to decide how far away that future is-it will vary from a few month to many years depending on the organisation, the nature of the business and its current situation (B 120, Book 1). SWOT analysis for the The Lodge Bistro Chain Strengths New IT system Initiative management stuff Possibility to adjust to changes Name and business recognition| Weaknesses Informal structure High stuff turnover Inconsistency in standards | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Opportunities New consumers base Reinstate some formal structure and rules| Threats Complete loss of concept Lose of standards Competition External economic environment| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | As you can see from analyse above that the strengths will be recognition of your business and possibility of the business to adjust to new economic environment as you have initiative management team as it is described in Business Case: As an example of these issues, the young manager of one of the cafes in a central urban location began to offer a range of less expensive snacks to cater for diners on low incomes and reduced packaging to respond to the environmentally friendly principles of many customers. Another, in an area close to an office complex, offered a range of healthy eating options. It clearly shows that you have opportunities to attract new consumer’s base. Reinstate some formal structure and rules will give you better opportunity to control business Weaknesses arise from high stuff turnover, as you spend time, recourses for educating stuff. I think it would be beneficial to investigate why they leaving and looking for benefits packages you can purpose to your stuff And main threats arise from losing standards, huge competition and economic environment. For future I would purpose you to use methods like SWAT, STEEP and analyse of stakeholders before making any changes. Would be beneficial to make SWAT analyse on the way business was in 80’s and use it as comparison to current situation. It will give you opportunity to reinforce some formal structure more successfully. References The Open University (2006) B120 An Induction to business studies, Book 1, What is a business? ’, Milton Keynes, The Open University, page 95.

World Systems :: essays research papers

World Systems The world history does not always go in the same route. Change in the balance of power all around the world and existence of big events such as the foundation of press are effective in the conversion of the way it goes. With the effect of these rotations, systems are also changing. The world system between 600 and 1500 is not same with the system after 1500. This differentiation in system at that time was related to the exploration of America. After the big geographical explorations, a new Euro-centric world system emerged. The Old World system was mainly Asia-centric. European states were far behind the Asian and Middle Eastern ones. According to the article of Janet Lippman Abu-Lughod which is named â€Å"The World System in the Thirteenth Century: Dead-End or Precursor†, beside the world system there were subsystems which were not â€Å"depending on each other for common survival in the thirteenth century†. There were three big circuits: Westers European, Middle Eastern, Far Eastern. â€Å"At that times the strongest centres and circuits were located in the Middle East and Asia. In contrast the European circuit was an upstart newcomer that for several early centuries was only tangentially and weakly linked to the core of the world system as it had developed between the eight and eleventh centuries.† As she mentioned, Europe joined the advanced world system of that time after 11th century, yet till 15th century it was not so effective. Although the states in east were developed, t his did not reflect to political arena. Every state was powerful in its own niche and as a result of this there was not a hierarchical form of political balance. These states could be thought as pockets. Nature of this system was production. As Janet L. Abu-Lughod mentioned â€Å"the production of primary and manufactured goods was not only sufficient to meet local needs but, beyond that, the needs for export as well. Then, the way of function of this system can be understood: trade. Trade was the main economic activity of the Old System. Trade was mostly depending on exchange of goods. In spite of this, Chinese merchants were using paper money like a credit card and Arabic dinar was the dollar of that time. All of these show us that the trade was also Asia-centric. The popular trade ways were through Middle East and Asia. Beside the economic side, trade was integrating cities and societies.

Critique on Distinctive Features

Andrew Ike B. Waga ENG 106 Dec. 14, 2011 2010-53632 Trubetzkoy, Jakobson or Chomsky, Whose Distinctive Features are truly â€Å"Distinct†? â€Å"Teacher, teacher, Help me, I have just been side swiped by a car! † These were the exact words that came out from the mouth of the school’s resident hooligan, Kevin, one afternoon after class.During those times, our school has been intensively campaigning for every student to speak English at least while on campus, in preparation for the coming PAASCU (Philippine Accrediting Association of Schools, Colleges) visit, we were so prepped up that we were even speaking in English outside school â€Å"just in case the Assessors are just loitering around, observing† our teachers would say.So one afternoon, after finding not much to do, Kevin, decided he wanted to show his antics to us, saying that he is planning to pull off a prank on our school’s English Coordinator, and our class adviser as well, we had a carefu lly laid out plan, he would be rushing from the street towards our school gate while we convince our teacher to approach the gate as well, and then he shouted, the exact words on quotation, except that he pronounced swiped as /s? ?pd/. Our teacher, knowing Kevin’s reputation, was already sensing that she was a bait to a good laugh, calmly yet in an authoritarian manner said, â€Å"side swipe! s? aIp/ Next time, Kevin, try pronouncing the words well, so as not to lose your momentum, there’s always a next time! † with her signature smirk. I remembered this incident while reading about Natural classes, I am very sure that my teacher knew what Kevin meant, since all of us thought that Kevin’s pronunciation of that word was correct as far as we were concerned, until the jokes went back to Kevin. Growing up in a city that speaks Cebuano, it is inevitable for some English words to get that â€Å"bisaya† flavour, like the occasional /p/ becomes an /f/ or t he letter h is pronounced as /? ? / and many more, but nevertheless, besides deviating from what we know as a â€Å"standard† for American English, we pretty much understood each other despite the glitches. And so I thought, why was it necessary to dwell on the distinctive features of sounds when the main importance has been served, comprehension. But then, I had to understand that it is necessary so that I would know just how these sounds are related to be viewed as almost interchangeable, just how â€Å"similar† was similar? Hence, we go to the distinctive features of sounds.In dealing with Distinctive features, I focused first on the work of Trubetzkoy, most people would start with Jakobson before Trubetzkoy but I saw that it was Trubetzkoy who first saw Phonetics and Phonology as separate disciplines. He mentioned that form (contrast, system patterning) must be studied separately from substance (acoustics, articulation). Hence, there was a greater concentration on sounds first before they are seen as words. It was Trubetzkoy who introduced the idea of â€Å"oppositions† in Phonology which he mentioned in his primary work, GrundzUge der phonologie  (1939).Oppositions would refer to a pair or set of sounds sharing the same feature that is not shared with any other sounds. Here are some of Trubetzkoy’s Oppositions: a) Bilateral oppositions A bilateral opposition refers to a pair sounds that share a set of features which no other sound shares fully. For example, voiceless labial obstruents =  /p,f/. Note that obstruents are defined as having a degree of stricture greater than that of approximants (that is, stops and fricatives). b) Multilateral oppositions A group of more than 2 sounds which share common features.For example, labial obstruents,/p,b,f,v/, are both labial and obstruents, so they share two features. c) Privative (Binary) Oppositions One member of a pair of sounds possesses a mark, or feature, which the other lacks. Such features are also known as  binary  features which a sound either possesses or lacks. Voicing is such a feature. A sound is voiced or NOT voiced. The sound which possesses that feature is said to be  marked  (eg  [+voice]) whilst the sound lacking the feature is  unmarked  (eg. [-voice]). d) Gradual Oppositions The members of a class of sounds possess different degrees or gradations of a feature or property.For example, the three short front unrounded vowels in English  /? ,  e,  ? /  which are distinguished only by their height. In this system height would be a single feature with two or more degrees of height. As of present times, when Chomsky and Halle’s set of Distinctive features are accessible to us, this would seem very broad and general, hence, not really dwelling into more specific details. But this jumpstarted the notion that sounds share similar qualities and it is crucial for the development of his friend, Jakobson’s own Distinct ive Feature Theory.Jakobson is known as the first one to formalize the Distinctive Feature Theory. He followed the findings of Trubetzkoy as one of his basis for building up his set of distinctive features. Jakobson’s original formulation of the Distinctive Feature Theory aside from Trubetzkoy was based on the ff. Ideas: (1) All features are BINARY. Sounds are either [+voice] or [-voice] (2) A small set of features is able to differentiate between the phonemes of any single language. (3) Distinctive features may be defined in terms of articulatory or acoustic features.Here is a table showing Jakobson’s Distinctive Features: Though, the advantage of Jakobson’s set is that it also has an acoustic description, I do think that the articulatory description is sufficient enough, since after articulating the sound we hear the sound we produced ourselves and yet not at all times would people share the same acoustic descriptions to their produced sound, because we all ha ve our own ways of pronouncing sounds, hence, I think that the acoustic description should be left for the speaker to describe and not defined by Jakobson’s description.Jakobson’s idea was a good starting point for Chomsky and Halle’s own set of distinctive features. With Jakobson’s Distinctive features serving as a terminus a quo for Chomsky and Halle, they were able to refine Jakobson’s set of features. A great achievement done by this duo is that they were able to establish the idea of â€Å"Natural Classes†. The aim is to carefully choose distinctive features to form a natural class of phonemes. An advantage of this approach is seen in writing Phonological rules hence, we get to understand why we can still comprehend to some words though they are mispronounced.Another is that if we are to choose the features well, it should be possible to refer to natural classes of phonemes with a smaller number of features, therefore allowing a more re fined set of characteristics to describe the phonemes involved in a natural class. Chomsky and Halle also introduced the feature classifications such as the major class features, the manner features and the place features thus paving the way for a more organized description in giving characteristics of phonemes.Chomsky and Halle was able to answer the concerns of redundancy when giving features, which is found in Generative Phonology, a component of generative grammar that assigns the correct phonetic representations to  utterances  in such a way as to reflect a native speaker’s internalized grammar. Given the current situation, I would have to choose Chomsky and Halle’s Theory of Distinctive Features as the most functional, because it is able to give more specific descriptions as compared to Trubetzkoy and Jakobson.Since we have established that Chomsky and Halle’s set gives the most detailed, comprehensive and most organized distinctive features, it would be best to follow their findings. But It is also important to note that without the ideas of Trubetzkoy and Jakobson in the Distinctive Feature theory, Chomsky and Halle’s own theory would not be as it is today, not able to answer loopholes and deficiencies found in the previous studies. So for me, it is like a ladder, one has to go through the intial steps first before reaching your destination, because as what my teacher would have said, â€Å"so as not to lose your momentum. † Bibliography

Assignment: Police Discretion

Assignment: Police Discretion To me discretion is something that we always use like in how we choose things like a movie to watch food to eat we always have to be very discrete in what we choose to do. There are a lot of people that would think that it would be better if discretion was taken away from the police. What most of the people do not realize is that discretion needs to be exercised. Discretion is not the problem; the abuse of discretion by some people is.In this world there is always that bad area that has the normal answer to different situations that may not apply. Having that right to exercise to discretion a police officer may be able to find the best solution always. In the scenario there was a couple of times were the police officer had to use discretion the first one was when the suspect fell to the ground she could of just left him there and not return to check up on him the next one was when the suspect started running away she could of just left and let it be.The officer could of just stopped at the struggle and had called for backup but she did not she decided to continue. These are the type of discretions that I spotted in this scenario. In my opinion I think that discretion was not very well implemented because if it was going to be a long pursuit and the suspect was going to hurt her she could of easily called for backup immediately, even though she did not know it was going to be hard to catch this suspect the best thing to do was to call for help that way this situation would have been easier and less painful for her.I think that discretion should not be controlled. I think a lot of police officers by using good judgment they might and they will let some things slide if they are able to. Not in every situation is good it has ups and its downs, police officers should be able to make a good judgment calls on the scene. Arresting someone is not always the best solution for a situation they need to analyze how they could fix the situation with discretion.

Essay on Evolution of Technology in Western Civilization

Essay on Evolution of Technology in Western Civilization Essay on Evolution of Technology in Western Civilization Essay on Evolution of Technology in Western CivilizationThere is no doubt that Western civilization has caused a unique industrial revolution in life of the world, which has become a science and technology revolution. Transformation of nature on the planet has entered a new stage, which is characterized by avalanche unpredictable progress.Since the beginning of mankind, there is a constant scientific and technological progress due to the development of the human mind. If we consider the development of man from the beginning, we will notice a trend. Initially, human was engaged in gathering, ie, he gathered berries. Humans used and gathered what was grown by nature, not by him. Then people discovered that they could grow any grains and legumes to provide themselves with food. He began creating special tools to cultivate the land. Later, people began to create a variety of tools for farming, hunting, etc. (Zsinka, 2014).With the development of crafts, people have got more opportunities for existence, they could provide themselves with everything they needed: food, dishes, clothes, etc. The same trend can be observed during the development of industry. With the development of industry, people have improved their achievements. They create better goods that meet the needs of humanity. People constantly improve themselves and everything around to simplify the life.In the 20th century, science and technology began to play the role of the main engines of economic and social development. Scientific-technical revolution became a support vector of historical dynamics. For those who enjoyed it to the maximum extent, it gave strength, which at the end of the 20th century was the measure of success of the country and the people. Economic and military power of the state, complemented by a high standard of living, which are based on NTP, actually puts it ahead in the forefront, provides advantages in the global arena (Perl, 2011).Western civilization is a special type of civil ization (culture), which historically emerged in Western Europe and in the last century endured a specific process of social modernization (Bowden, 2011). Western civilization is associated with the progressive development and constant changes in a persons life. It appeared in ancient Greece and ancient Rome. The first stage of its development, called ancient civilization, was marked by the emergence of the core values of the Western type of society: private ownership, private industry, market-oriented; the first sample of democracy democracy, however, was limited; republican form of government. It created the foundations of civil society to ensure the rights and freedom of the individual, as well as a system of social and cultural principles that contribute to the mobilization of creativity and development of the individual.The next stage in the development of Western civilization is connected with Europe and Christianity. The Reformation gave rise to a new trend in Christianity Protestantism, which became the spiritual foundation of Western civilization. The main value of this civilization is the individual freedom of choice in all spheres of life. It was directly connected with the development of specific European type of personality that emerged during the Renaissance. â€Å"The individual becomes tragically responsible not only for approximation and removal from the Supreme, but also for the choice of what he, that individual, considers the Supreme† (Fitzgerald, 2002).According to Weber, rationality became the most important independent value of the West. Public consciousness is rational, free of religious dogma in solving practical problems, pragmatical, but the scope of application of Christian values is a social morality of not only his personal life, but also of business ethics (Zafirovski, 2011).In the era of geographical discoveries and colonial wars, Europe extended its type of development in other regions of the world. For the first time, mankind, due to the global spread of Western values and institutions (16-19 centuries), was really integrated into the framework of the world-embracing system of connections. By the end of the 19th-early 20th century, these values and institutions became dominant in the world and continued to define the main features of the face of the Earth in this century until very recently.The main content of civilization process in the 20th century was the tendency to the formation of the historical structures of the universal world civilization. Processes taking place in the 20th century in the West became global, directly affecting all nations, all other civilizations, who were forced to seek an answer to the historical challenge of the West. That challenge was perceived in a particular form of reality as an imperative of modernization. In this situation, the question of the relationship between modernization and westernization became central to the vast majority of humanity of non-Western w orld (Lin, 2010).In the second half of the 20th century, the world was developing under the influence of scientific and technological revolution (STR), which is usually understood as a qualitative transformation of modern productive forces on the basis of science and technology. STR began in the 30s of the 20th century and received a powerful acceleration during the Second World War and the Cold War.There were found new sources of energy nuclear, solar-powered, wind power plants. People started using new artificial materials nylon, plastic, etc. Automation has changed the nature of work and the place of man in the production process. The emergence of cybernetics has created logistical base for the scientific management of social processes. Industries such as electronics, petrochemicals, nuclear energy, the overall mechanization and automation of production came to the fore. People started exploring space and underwater world. STR has led to the release of new types of products, in troduction of new technologies and new tools. Dissemination of scientific and technological revolution was not confined to industry, transport, communications, and energy. STR rapidly invaded other areas of life, such as trade, monetary system, education, management (Milke, 2012).Today technology intrudes into all areas of society: from economics to sports and leisure, it affects interpersonal relationships, changes the structure and hierarchy of values, and determines characteristics of the modern individual.With the help of technology people create a new world, both real and virtual, make technical objects (car, computer) the main objects of attention, replacing natural communication with their people. Technology has multiplied power and possibilities of man. At the same time, it has brought a host of new problems, spawned sharp contradictions, has become one of the causes of the crisis of civilization (Hunt, 2008). Public opposition to the construction of nuclear power plants, ch emical, pulp and paper mills can be considered a reaction to the scientific and technological progress. Sometimes they are expressed in a very extravagant form. For example, American farmers Mennonites abandoned agricultural machinery and plow with the help of horses (Zsinka, 2014).Technical progress can not be stopped. Ultimately, it defines the socio-economic development of society and the standard of living. Development of civilization depends on how rapidly scientific and technological progress develops. Enhancing the role of science and technology in modern society actualizes the moral responsibility of the scientist for the consequences of his discoveries. It is known that many nuclear scientists involved in the development of atomic weapons, warned the world about the catastrophic consequences of its application.In our time, humanity has great losses, both human and material, as a result of technical failures and accidents. Though, not only technique is to be blamed. People c ontrolling it usually make mistakes, which lead to tragedies. The root cause of the negative impact of technology on the human need should be looked for not so much in it, as in man, in social relations, in the ways of solving economic and other issues, ways to meet social and individual needs.Mankind has invented drugs and alcohol, which are widely used in medicine and industry; but they also created the conditions for such phenomena as drug addiction and alcoholism, providing mass human losses comparable with wars (Huff, 2014).Transformation of science into a direct productive force of society does not mean that science is transformed into its fourth element. This only shows that science most significantly and positively affects every element of the productive forces of society, thereby converting and amplifying them. Results of research eventually lead to the improvement and the emergence of innovative instruments and objects of labor, raise the level of knowledge and skills of t he workforce, which in turn provides the basis for the transformation and growth of the productive forces of society, and ultimately for economic development.As to such a feature of modern scientific and technological revolution, as the priority development of science in comparison with the equipment and technology, it is of fundamental importance in the present conditions. Countries and large economic entities gain the possibility to predict and plan the creation of such equipment and technology, which will ensure the implementation of strategic plans in the field of economic development and solving social problems.Acceleration of STP has great economic and social importance for any country in the world. Perhaps there is no more powerful and strong factor, which has such a significant effect on all economic and social processes.

American Woman Suffrage Association

American Woman Suffrage Association Founded: November 1869 Preceded by: American Equal Rights Association (split between American Woman Suffrage Association and National Woman Suffrage Association) Succeeded by: National American Woman Suffrage Association (merger) Key figures: Lucy Stone, Julia Ward Howe, Henry Blackwell, Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin, T. W. Higginson, Wendell Phillips, Caroline Severance, Mary Livermore, Myra Bradwell Key characteristics (especially in contrast to the National Woman Suffrage Association): Supported passing the 15th Amendment (giving the vote to black men) even if women were explicitly excludedFocused on the vote for women and largely ignored other womens rights issuesSupported winning woman suffrage state by state with only occasional pressure for a federal constitutional amendmentSupported the Republican PartyStructure was a delegate systemMen could and did join as full members and serve as officersThe larger of the two organizationsConsidered the more conservative of the two organizationsOpposed more militant or confrontational strategies Publication: The Womans Journal Headquartered in: Boston Also known as: AWSA, the American About the American Woman Suffrage Association The American Woman Suffrage Association was formed in November of 1869, as the American Equal Rights Association fell apart over debate on the passage of the 14th amendment and 15th amendment to the United States constitution at the end of the American Civil War. In 1868, the 14th amendment was ratified, including the word male in the constitution for the first time. Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton believed that the Republican Party and abolitionists had betrayed women by excluding them from the 14th and 15th amendments, extending the vote only to black men. Others, including Lucy Stone, Julia Ward Howe, T. W. Higginson, Henry Blackwell and Wendell Phillips, favored supporting the amendments, fearing they would not pass if women were included. Stanton and Anthony began publishing a paper, The Revolution, in January 1868, and often expressed their sense of betrayal at former allies who were willing to set aside womens rights. In November of 1868, the Womens Rights Convention in Boston had led some participants to form the New England Woman Suffrage Association. Lucy Stone, Henry Blackwell, Isabella Beecher Hooker, Julia Ward Howe and T. W. Higginson were the founders of the the NEWSA. The organization tended to support Republicans and the black vote. As Frederick Douglass said in a speech at the first convention of the NEWSA, the cause of the negro was more pressing than that of womans. The following year, Stanton and Anthony and some supporters split from the American Equal Rights Association, forming the National Woman Suffrage Association - two days after the May 1869 convention of the AERA. The American Woman Suffrage Association focused on the issue of woman suffrage, to the exclusion of other issues. The publication The Womans Journal was founded in January, 1870, with editors Lucy Stone and Henry Blackwell, assisted by Mary Livermore in the early years, by Julia Ward Howe in the 1870s, and then by Stone and Blackwells daughter, Alice Stone Blackwell. The 15th amendment became law in 1870, prohibiting the denial of the right to vote based on a citizens race, color, or previous condition of servitude. No state had yet passed any woman suffrage laws. In 1869 both Wyoming Territory and Utah Territory had given women the right to vote, though in Utah, women were not given the right to hold office, and the vote was taken away by a federal law in 1887. The American Woman Suffrage Association worked for suffrage state by state, with occasional support for federal action. In 1878, a woman suffrage amendment was introduced into the United States Constitution, and soundly defeated in Congress. Meanwhile, the NWSA also began to focus more on state by state suffrage referenda. In October, 1887, frustrated by the lack of progress and the weakening of the suffrage movement by its split between two factions, and noting that their strategies had become more similar, Lucy Stone proposed at an AWSA convention that the AWSA approach the NWSA about a merger. Lucy Stone, Susan B. Anthony, Alice Stone Blackwell and Rachel Foster met in December, and soon the two organizations established committees to negotiate a merger. In 1890, the American Woman Suffrage Association merged with the National Woman Suffrage Association, forming the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Elizabeth Cady Stanton became the new organizations president (largely a figurehead position as she then went on a two-year trip to England), Susan B. Anthony became the vice president (and, in Stantons absence, acting president), and Lucy Stone, who was ailing at the time of the merger, became head of the Executive Committee.

The Cardinal Connection

The Cardinal Connection The Cardinal Connection The Cardinal Connection By Maeve Maddox American bird watchers enjoy seeing the bright scarlet plumage of the bird we call the cardinal (Cardinalis virginianus). The bird got its name because it reminded early explorers of the scarlet robes of the cardinals of the Roman Catholic church. cardinal: One of the seventy ecclesiastical princes (six cardinal bishops, fifty cardinal priests, and fourteen cardinal deacons) who constitute the popes council, or the sacred college, and to whom the right of electing the pope has been restricted since the third Lateran council in 1173. Originally, every priest permanently attached to a church was called a cardinal. The word came from Latin cardo, a hinge. The business of the church hinged on permanent personnel. One sense of cardinal still in use is important. cardinal adjective: something on which something else hinges or depends, fundamental; chief, principal, of special importance. We speak of cardinal virtues: prudence, justice, temperance, and fortitude (so called because all other virtues depend upon them) cardinal numbers: one, two, three, four etc. (as opposed to the ordinal numbers first, second, third, fourth, etc.) cardinal points of the compass: North, South, East, West In time, the term cardinal came to refer to the first or most important priest attached to a church. Then, as the administrative reach of the papacy increased, the term came to be attached to clerics charged with advising the pope and helping him administer the work of the church. The college of cardinals, given canonical form by Pope Eugene III in 1150, has had the right to elect the pope since 1173. The cardinals may have been wearing red robes earlier, but in 1294, Pope Boniface officially conferred red cassocks, stockings, gloves, and hats on them. Red had been the trademark color of a cardinal for at least two centuries before Columbus spied the New World and exploration began that would discover the pretty red bird. In the U.S., the cardinal is a popular sports mascot. Universities that have it as their mascot include Ball State, Plattsburgh, and the University of Louisville. Even the University of Arkansas, famous for its Razorback mascot, derives its school colors of red and white from an association with the bird. Before the adoption of the razorback mascot, the university football team, organized in 1894, was called the Cardinals and the school colors were cardinal red and white. The story is that, after the triumphant 1909 season, the coach told the team that theyd played like a wild band of razorback hogs. The student body promptly voted for a mascot change, but the colors remained the same. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Beautiful and Ugly WordsHyper and Hypo50 Plain-Language Substitutions for Wordy Phrases

Euthanasia and our civilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Euthanasia and our civilization - Essay Example Therefore, nobody can argue that letting die is better than killing in certain cases. â€Å"If a doctor lets a patient die, for humane reasons, he is in the same moral position as if he had given the patient a lethal injection for humane reasons† (Rachels 4). Arthur J. Dyck in his article An alternative to the ethic of Euthanasia argued against all forms of euthanasia. In his opinions, euthanasia is a dangerous policy and it is impossible to support a social policy in which people kill themselves. Compassion for those who are painfully ill and the concern for human dignity associated with the freedom are the major arguments cited in favour of euthanasia. Dyck has argued that these values have nothing to do with the process of dying. Regardless of the method employed for, the ultimate result of all forms of euthanasia is the same; the patient’s life is shortened. If one can justify the shortening of life using a method, then others forms of shortening life also be justif ied based on the utilitarian principles of ethics. Instead of euthanasia, Dyck put forward another term called benemortasia or happy death. Benemortasia provides the choice of how to live to while dying. â€Å"How a person dies has a definite meaning for those to whom that person is related. In the first year of bereavement, the rate of death among the bereaved relatives of those die in hospitals is twice that of the bereaved relatives of those who die at home† (Dyck 254). Joy and suffering are part of life and it is the duty if the community to provide assistance to those who suffers. Encouraging people to commit suicide is the failure of a society. It is dangerous to allow a physician... Right in the beginning, the essay makes a clear understanding of joy and suffering being part of life and it is the duty if the community to provide assistance to those who suffers. Encouraging people to commit suicide is the failure of a society. It is dangerous to allow a physician to decide whether a patient’s life is not worth living. Even after huge advancements in science and technology, we are still unable to unveil the secrets behind birth and life after death. Then the essay provides an example of Oregon, which is currently the only state that has an assisted-suicide law. On January 17, 2006, the Supreme Court ruled that the 1970 Controlled Substances Act (CSA) does not give the U.S. attorney general the authority to prohibit Oregon doctors from prescribing lethal doses of drugs to certain terminally ill patients who want to end their own lives. Then the essay brings us to the point, where human life is the most precious thing in this world. It should be noted that no body can return it once it is taken. It is quite possible that the doctor who is assisting a patient top commit suicide may lose his life at the very next moment. Nobody can predict or control the future of a person. In conclusion, the essay summarizes the aforementioned by reminding that life and death are beyond our control and it is logical to let it finish by itself. Euthanasia may not be a suitable option for a civilized world like ours. Increased rate of euthanasia definitely reflects the failure of the society.

Role of Men and Women in the work force Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Role of Men and Women in the work force - Essay Example In essence, both men and women have had differential work roles in the recent past and credit must be given to the organizational top heads who have realized that it is good to assign tasks based on the competence of individuals, who work for the sake of the organization in the long term. The role of both men and women has drastically changed and the middle tier also needs to be appreciated for the efforts brought forward by the management studies. Therefore productivity comes out as the eventual winner and the organization starts earning respect within the industrial domains. It is indeed an encouraging sign that both men and women are now being treated uniformly – an aspect which used to lack quite a lot a decade back. One can hope that there would be further pragmatic changes in the coming times as well. The need is to have proper arrangements which will help solve the problems in a localized manner, i.e. organization to organization

Implementing Technology Tools and Sites in the Curriculum Assignment

Implementing Technology Tools and Sites in the Curriculum - Assignment Example This study discusses that the contemporary society is defined by development in all facets of life including the economic, social, and technological fronts. Such development ought to be integrated into the learning environment as the children are being prepared for the real life experiences. Technological advancements have created various avenues through which the learning experience can be made more easy, understandable, and enjoyable to the student as it has been made easier for the educators to disburse information and interact with the individuals at individualized levels through student-centered approaches. Various tools provided by technology can be employed both within and outside the classroom to enhance student learning and promote interactive approaches to learning. When employing such technologies, it is important for the teachers to be well aware of the National Education Technology Standards for Teachers and the need to implement the Universal Design for Learning (UDL) e lements. This paper involves the application of the Kahoot, FunBrain, and Wikispaces technology tools in the classroom to facilitate student learning.This paper highlights that  Kahoot forms one of the effective interactive tools that can be employed in the classroom environment to achieve increased understanding among the students and facilitate increased student engagement in the learning process.  

Report - Competing through Marketing Assignment

Report - Competing through Marketing - Assignment Example Marketing planning is a strategic process used by organizations to predict the future environment of the business for the sole aim of strategizing on the appropriate strategy for maximizing the full potential of the existing and future market. In organizations, market planning helps in allocation of resources, identification of the strengths and weaknesses and provides advance warning. Overall, marketing in organizations revolves around expanding the market, increasing the organization’s profit, exhausting resources, and targeting the right market (Lecture 1 & 2). Trends in banking and financial services Globalization According to Cummins and Venard (2007), different supranational agencies which include the World Bank and World Trade Organization have been major contributors in promoting globalization to the entire world, with a specific impact been focused to Asia. A good example in respect to this is in 2001 when the Chinese government was signatory of the WTO; there were cr ucial commitments made by the government in terms of liberalizing insurance industry. A new stage was hence created for the development of the insurance sector and opening of the market was enhanced instead of the previous restricted market (Padmalatha, 2011). Moreover, globalization ensures the ease of financial firms accessing the market beyond the borders of their country of origin. Globalization also ensures future penetration of foreign firms to a foreign market (Cummins and Venard, 2007, p.19). Private insurance In the past, majority of countries relied on government programs and insurance companies but of late, the trend has changed as they are relying on private insurance companies that have become dominant in the economy. Moreover, government insurance companies have diminished in time due to wave of privatization (Cummins and Venard, 2007, p.19). New technology Financial firms have witnessed advancement in new technology over the past few years. This has increased and enha nced marketing of new products in a rapid manner as compared to the past. New technology has brought with it an introduction to new sophisticated products. In insurance industry, for instance, there is an introduction of universal life insurance, which can be termed as a change facilitated by development in communication and computer technologies (Cummins and Venard, 2007, p.19). Differences between building societies and banks Building societies are mutual societies, which mean that, they are owned by members. These members either have taken a mortgage with the society or have invested with them. On the other hand, banks may not possess shareholders who earn dividends from profits earned; instead, the profit earned in banks is normally ploughed back into the firm. Basically, the difference between the two is based on their nature of lending (Boleat, 1985, p.4). In terms of raising money, building societies normally offer mortgage loans when purchasing a house. In this case, the hou se acts as the security against the received loan. In addition to this, building societies can transact loans, which are unsecured. These loans mainly

Managing Organisational Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Managing Organisational Behaviour - Essay Example al behavior motivational strategies that encourage individual or team responsibility for work performance and quality can be said to have the interests of their employees at heart. The paper emphasizes on the motivational techniques applied by the organization, the expectations of the management and the impact of these actions on the employees as well as the organizational productivity. Organizations strive to ensure that employees are aware of the organizational goals to enhance coordination in the workplace. The management tasks are made easy when employees are motivated through understanding the organizational goals. The goal theory postulates that people are motivated when they realize the expectations of the organization (Hitt et al. 2005). It requires that goals are set and employees adequately informed regarding the cause of action and also receive feedback appropriately. However, the question that arises is whether motivating the employees through goal setting is actually on humanistic basis or it is for the benefit of the organization. In essence, the goal of venturing in business is to generate profits for the organization. Employees are facilitators of the accomplishment of organizational goals. Their skills and commitment are required for the organization to remain competent in the operating environment. It is therefore prudent for managers to ensure th at they promote a shared vision, which encourages the employees to own organizational goals. Once they own the goals and increase productivity, the organization gains in terms of profitability and therefore it is capable of offering better compensation packages. From this perspective, the employees are also portrayed as beneficiaries of motivation. In essence, there is usually a reciprocal relationship between the employer and the employees. If the organization does not perform well in the market, there can not be enough finances to cater for employees’ needs. Motivation through reward schemes is also

Report - Competing through Marketing Assignment

Report - Competing through Marketing - Assignment Example Marketing planning is a strategic process used by organizations to predict the future environment of the business for the sole aim of strategizing on the appropriate strategy for maximizing the full potential of the existing and future market. In organizations, market planning helps in allocation of resources, identification of the strengths and weaknesses and provides advance warning. Overall, marketing in organizations revolves around expanding the market, increasing the organization’s profit, exhausting resources, and targeting the right market (Lecture 1 & 2). Trends in banking and financial services Globalization According to Cummins and Venard (2007), different supranational agencies which include the World Bank and World Trade Organization have been major contributors in promoting globalization to the entire world, with a specific impact been focused to Asia. A good example in respect to this is in 2001 when the Chinese government was signatory of the WTO; there were cr ucial commitments made by the government in terms of liberalizing insurance industry. A new stage was hence created for the development of the insurance sector and opening of the market was enhanced instead of the previous restricted market (Padmalatha, 2011). Moreover, globalization ensures the ease of financial firms accessing the market beyond the borders of their country of origin. Globalization also ensures future penetration of foreign firms to a foreign market (Cummins and Venard, 2007, p.19). Private insurance In the past, majority of countries relied on government programs and insurance companies but of late, the trend has changed as they are relying on private insurance companies that have become dominant in the economy. Moreover, government insurance companies have diminished in time due to wave of privatization (Cummins and Venard, 2007, p.19). New technology Financial firms have witnessed advancement in new technology over the past few years. This has increased and enha nced marketing of new products in a rapid manner as compared to the past. New technology has brought with it an introduction to new sophisticated products. In insurance industry, for instance, there is an introduction of universal life insurance, which can be termed as a change facilitated by development in communication and computer technologies (Cummins and Venard, 2007, p.19). Differences between building societies and banks Building societies are mutual societies, which mean that, they are owned by members. These members either have taken a mortgage with the society or have invested with them. On the other hand, banks may not possess shareholders who earn dividends from profits earned; instead, the profit earned in banks is normally ploughed back into the firm. Basically, the difference between the two is based on their nature of lending (Boleat, 1985, p.4). In terms of raising money, building societies normally offer mortgage loans when purchasing a house. In this case, the hou se acts as the security against the received loan. In addition to this, building societies can transact loans, which are unsecured. These loans mainly

Personal Essay about Cause of College Drop-outs

Personal about Cause of College Drop-outs - Essay Example literate as a result of several communal perceptions about education, religious cultures, peer influence, financial status, mental value of education, job status and medical attributed factors and geographical locations. This document focuses on the factors that keep people out of school. School is a place wheel people go to acquire education. Many communities in Africa South America and Asia countries have been left behind development wise because of lack of education value due to the communities’ traditions as well as cultural points of view (Leonhardt, 15). These communities concentrate more on the economic activities that was passed on to them by their forefathers for survival. The communities do not embrace technological changes and its influence to human activities and survival. As a result, many children in these communities drop out of school after the second phase of education curriculum which is the primary school system, to carry on their family businesses. the Bahai community of Lesotho in southern Africa and the Maasai and Samburu communities in Eastern Africa are among the communities where children drop out of school and shift to pastoralism activities. In these communities, pastoralism is the basic act of survival as the communities believe tha t their forefathers survived as a result of pastoralism. ‘Andy Blevins was a student at Radford University who made a big decision big decision in life as a result of financial setbacks but end up regretting in future’(Leonhardt, 15). College dropout boom presents a case that explains the reasons why many college students tend to drop out of school without fully completing the degree or diploma course. Many students in college drop out of school due to the idea that they can as well survive without the college degree certificate. This is the perception that Andy Blevins had when he dropped out of school while pursuing his college degree. Many college students find it normal to drop out of school

George Orwell, 1984 Essay Example for Free

George Orwell, 1984 Essay The last and arguably most powerful book to be written by renowned novelist George Orwell (pseudonym of Eric Arthur Blair), 1984 is the chronicle of mankind’s gradual decay under aggressive totalitarianism and blind ideology. The influence of the novel is such that some terms such as â€Å"Big Brother†, â€Å"doublethink† and â€Å"newspeak† have somehow found their way into the modern lexicon. Orwell visualized a world under constant war, with entire societies threatened by an omniscient government that wields control even over an individual’s very thoughts. Half a century after the book’s publication, academics and casual readers alike continue to find disturbing similarities between Orwell’s 1984 and today’s increasingly intrusive institutions. With censorship, political rhetoric and propaganda becoming more and more like the slogans of Orwell’s dystopian society each day it is unsurprising that the novels remain quite a favorite among academics and literary experts alike. Orwell’s startling depiction of a totalitarian state peddling lies and deceit to its willing masses remains relevant and – to some extent – frighteningly prophetic of the present generation. Decades after it first saw print, 1984 still achieves significant readership – a literary warning that enemies of propaganda and censorship revisit time and again as a standard through which the growing excesses in government control and power could be measured. It is the world’s worst case scenario, and its enduring social relevance is a testament to both Orwell’s literary style and deep understanding of the human psyche. This paper posits that George Orwells 1984 is a dystopian novel that deftly tackles the power of language and censorship in controlling both society and the individual; hence its enduring relevance to academic studies on the political and social status quo. This study shall begin with a brief summary of the novel in order to provide a narrative background. The following discussion involves three parts: first, what is the style or form of the novel, and how does it add to the novels appeal and narrative? Second, what are the main themes of the novel? Lastly, how do these themes – combined with the novel – remain relevant to the present times, hence its popularity with academics in the sociopolitical and literary fields? These are the questions that this study must answer in order to prove its thesis. Summary 1984 is the story of Winston Smith, a member of the Outer Party residing in what used to be London. Smith is a citizen of Oceania, one of the three superstates in the world of 1984. The protagonist lives a life of controlled existence; he works in the Ministry of Truth, rewriting news stories and editing photographs in order to make history â€Å"adhere† to the Partys current slogan. People who went against the Party disappeared and made unpersons – there entire existence is erased by workers like Winston Smith. History, therefore, is constantly edited to fit whatever propaganda or slogan the Party is currently espousing. Though a member of the Party, Smith is far from a dedicated follower. He harbors a secret journal of illicit thoughts about freedom and woodenly participates in the Two Minutes of Hate and other standard Party propaganda activities. Smith meets and falls in love with Julia; there liaison, however, is both illicit and illegal. It is punishable by law, so Wilson and Julia find a sanctuary in a room above an old junk shop for their trysts. They are betrayed, however, and soon find themselves in the Ministry of Love where they are tortured and â€Å"reeducated†. In the end, fazed by the horrors of Room 101, Wilson and Julia succumb and betray each other. They are then released to await their execution on a later date. At the end of the novel, Wilson Smith accepts the power of Big Brother and willingly accepts his fate. Style and Form  George Orwells 1984, along with Ray Bradburys controversial Fahrenheit 451 and Aldous Huxleys Brave New World, is one of the worlds best-known dystopian novels. It presents a world entirely gloomy and pessimistic – the opposite of a utopia wherein everything is perfect and in its proper place. As Brunsdale (2000) points out, a dystopia is ultimately a â€Å"hopelessly wrong society† (p. 146). It is a world that has turned entirely upside down, with nearly everything completely unlike what man would envision as paradise. It is an imagined world perverted – entirely a subversion of all that society must aspire for. For George Orwell, this world is a warning, a terrible vision that could become a reality if totalitarianism and government intrusion continues unchecked. The use of a dystopian form is particularly useful in delivering Orwells message. A staunch critic of imperialism and other authoritarian forms such as communism and fascism, Orwells novel is a chilling portrait of what could happen should totalitarian politics remain unabated. His disgust with British Socialism, for example, made its way into the novels newspeak as Ingsoc (English Socialism). By presenting the novel in a dystopian form rather than a different kind of exposition, Orwell successfully parlays his sociopolitical ideas easily through an interesting world rather than a non-fiction tome of tedious words that may find comfort in cobwebs. A form other than dystopia would not have been able to deliver the message as effectively as 1984 has done. Central Themes But what exactly is it that 1984 wishes to convey? At first glance, it seems as if 1984 is doomed to be a dated indictment of the faults of the British Empire in 1948 – when Orwell completed the novel. In truth, however, the novel is more than the indictment of one government. It is not a scathing criticism on Stalinism, or the British Empire, or Hitlers destroyed Third Reich alone. It is an attack against Totalitarianism in whatever form or country, as it takes root and slowly sucks the life and freedom out of the individual and society as a whole. The novel is a critique; a warning against what could happen following the unchecked growth of totalitarian governments. It is not the alliance or the nationality, therefore, that matters, but the possible presence of totalitarian rule. One crucial theme in the novel that supports its criticism of totalitarianism is the power of language. Orwell emphasized the power of language in controlling the individuals mental freedom, particularly in terms of how much and how broad he is allowed to conceptualize. With words and language designed to limit the mind of the person, it is quite possible to exert control and slowly manipulate his or her inner thoughts. Such is the power of newspeak and doublethink – both significant concepts from the novel that gradually crossed over to the mainstream jargon. These concepts are reliant on both language and the formation of thought as the primary tools through which the Party and Big Brother carry out their manipulative plans. An example of Newspeak is the naming convention that led to the ironic names of the ministries in Orwells dystopian society. The Ministries are named in a weird manner quite opposite to what they truly stand for. For example, the Ministry of Love is one of the most fearsome ministries in Oceania, as this is where prisoners are brought for torture, reeducation and execution. The Ministry of Truth where Smith works is quite a paradox, as it concerns itself not with the propagation of truthful information, but with the erasure of people and events no longer in line with the present party rhetoric. The Ministry of Plenty and Ministry of Peace are similarly ironically named. Wemyss (1987) calls this use of newspeak as the attempt to â€Å"narrow the range of human consciousness by limiting the range of words available and by eliminating their polysemic quality† (p. 45). When some terms and concepts become unavailable for use or without a lingual equivalent, they become obsolete and forgotten by the mind. With the government controlling just which words to use and which ones to eliminate, the possibility of controlling the individuals and society becomes much larger. Here lies the power of language, which effectively affects how the brain processes and understands the world around him. Moreover, the concepts in Big Brothers society are defined in a manner describable as â€Å"inverted†. A particularly significant example is the slogan â€Å"war is peace, freedom is slavery, ignorance is strength† – everything in Wilsons world is completely upside down. It is, in essence, an example of doublethink, wherein one is forced to contain two opposing thoughts at the same time and believe them both. It is an ability forced on the people of Oceania; the citizens think of war and peace as one rather than opposing sides of the coin. Even when the citizens clearly know that Oceania switches allies from Eurasia to Eastasia constantly, they are capable of manipulating their own minds into thinking that what the Party calls its â€Å"history† has always been true and in place. Another significant theme in the novel is censorship. Radio, television and print censorship is, of course, the norm in Big Brothers world. More than the controls on media, however, the Party is also highly concerned with purity and the errors of sexual dalliances. Pornography or any form of â€Å"smut† publications are also banned in Oceania, and sexual thoughts are viewed as impurities even when conducted within the boundaries of marriage. This mirrors the penchant of totalitarian governments to extend their powers over â€Å"decency† and issues of morality. Whether or not the reason behind this is truly about cleaning up society remains a mystery. Reviews on the Novel The significance of the novel 1984 can be seen in how todays academics remain enamored and continuously attempt to correlate the classic story of political and social manipulation to Orwells final masterpiece. Agathocleous (2000) took note of the relevance of the novel primarily through the proliferation of terms used in the novel in the modern jargon. The world presented by Orwell remains resonant in todays world, wherein his ideas have become â€Å"common knowledge† (p. 101). Orwells 1984 is no longer just a novel; it is now a part of popular culture. This popularity, Agathocleous (2000) attributes to the the relevance of the issues discussed by Orwell even in todays society. It is popular because it remains true and undated, thereby becoming a classic in its own right (p. 101). For Wanner (1997), on the other hand, notes that Orwells dystopian world is completely different from other portrayals of such negative societies. Unlike other dystopian nations, Orwells Oceania has resigned itself to imperfection and unhappiness without actually admitting it. Though the government may still tout this perfect world as their own, Orwell shows the characters to be living in a difficult world, one wherein pretenses are kept up in order to survive the constant watch of Big Brother. This world is described as hopeless, and it is accurate. Rather than follow other similar styles, Orwell opts to present a realistic view of his world and the negativity that sucks everything within its path (p. 77). Wanner (1997) also notes that Orwell is not entirely separate from socialism. Though the author does indict British socialism and other similar forms of totalitarianism, the presence of Goldstein, according to Wanner, shows that Orwell is still ambivalent regarding the best way to run a society. Even Goldstein, the supposed leader of the opposition, is not a figure against socialism. Wanner thus views this as a softening on Orwells part, noting that his message may not entirely be the indictment of all socialism (p. 77). Lastly, the concept of Orwellian language and politics have slowly caught up with the United States, thanks in no small part to the current administration. In his journal article, Kellner (2007) argues that Orwells world has remained enduring over the years because of its relevance. As such, Kellner easily correlates the â€Å"War on Terror† and the rhetoric that appears in Oceania as the modern equivalent of Orwells world (p. 622). These are some of the reviews that describe the relevance and endurance of the novel, 1984. It utilizes the dystopian model, with sensational usage of the power of language and new terms, in order to correlate Orwells fictional world with the present situation.

Caligula Was The Most Sinister Psychology Essay

Caligula Was The Most Sinister Psychology Essay Caligulas father, Germanicus, was the grandson of the well-regarded Emperor Augustus and the nephew of Emperor Tiberius, the adopted son and the successor to his fathers throne of power. When Emperor Augustus died, he left Tiberius in command to become the royal heir to the emperor. Although, Tiberius knew that Geramanicus was next in line to rule, his jealousy and insecurities kept him from appointing him as the next emperor of Rome. Unfortunately, Germaicus died mysteriously, leaving his dedicated supporters and his family, grief stricken. After Caligulas father demise, he moved three times until he joined Tiberius on the island of Capri. It was rumored that during one of those moves, Caligula began an incestuous relationships with his sisters. While on the island of Capri, Caligula was forced to suppress his feelings, once he learned that Tiberius were responsible for the death of his father, mother and siblings. However, due to Caligula ability to control his emotions, he began to act out his aggression through sexual deviant behaviors on men and women; sometimes, making the men watch as he had sex with their wives and daughters. Tiberius had two sons, Nero and Drusus, who he was grooming to succeed him as emperor, but as fate would have it, both died too young, leaving Caligula next in line to become emperor. After Tiberius died, Caligula became the emperor of Rome. He was generous, thoughtful and prodigious during the first months of his reign. He freed political prisoners, pardon those who were exiled and terminated the treason trials. He implemented games and chariot races, in which became quite popular during his reign. He established a rapport with the Senate and later adopted his cousin, Tiberius Germanicus as his son and heir. Approximately six months later, the Emperor who was well-revered, became the well feared. An illness fell upon the Emperor when he was thirty-seven years old, causing possibly delirium. Although, Caligula may have been cruel and sexual perverted before his illness, but after his recovery, there were significant changes his behavior. His behaviors were even more bizarre, brutal and deviant. He later regarded himself as a God; would lavishly spend money to build a marble house for his horse; tormented his prominent and influential senators by ordering them to run for miles in front of the chariot; had sex with his supporters wives; built a two miles bridge out of boats, so he could ride his horse back and forward over the floating bridge; and ordering the men to shave their hair, because he was losing his hair. As to make matters worse, Caligula had his adopted son and heir to the throne, Tiberius Germanicus murdered. Next, he ordered the revitalization of the treason trials, so he could confiscate the losers property for money. This infamous tyrant was murdered by several of guards after serving merely fourteen hundred days in office. Caligulas personality could best be explained by identifying the most obvious characteristic or social skills of a person (McAdams, 2009). In reviewing the set of psychological traits and mechanisms within the individual, is to comprehend the influences and interactions Caligula had to adapt to within his environment, which includes the six domains of knowledge: dispositional, biological, intrapsychic, cognitive-experimental, social and cultural and adjustment. During 12 AD, there were no means to detect lead in the water system, so this could have effected Caligulas body development and growth. According to the Mayo Clinics (2011), small amounts of lead in children who are exposed to lead poisoning can experience mental and physical problems. From infancy to toddlerhood, the most important physical development is an infants body weight, motor skills and reflexes, as well as, sensory and perceptual abilities. Although, there is limited information about Caligulas early childhood, there are documentations of Caligula experiencing irritability and behavioral problems as a child. Historian documents more about biological changes during early adolescence to early adulthood, such as Caligulas unusual body weight and height. Caligulas body structure could be the results of exposure to lead poisoning. In examining how environmental factors that can influence an individuals growth, is to consider ideas from William Sheldon (McAdams, 2009). Sheldon (McAdams, 2009) was one of the most interesting philosophers of his time as he examined and introduced the idea that body feature may influence and possibly predict certain characteristics of an individuals personality. During his exploration into this area, he identified three different forms of human physiques, for example, endomorph visceratonic, mesomorph somatotonic and ectomorph cerebrotonic. Sheldon argued that a high correlation occurs between physique and behavior, in which could have affected Caligulas mental state. Historian documented that Caligula was tall in height with a skinny neck and scrawny legs. Also, he had a receding hair line, hairy body and his forehead was unusually large. One can only image the names he was called growing up and how it shaped his personality. Piaget (McAdams, 2009) contended that an individuals mental mode of thinking can relate to schemata. Schemata are defined as an individual who understands the basic concept of the world (McAdams, 2009). The basic concepts of these ideas are centered on three basic schemata, for example, sensorimotor, symbolic and operational schemata. These three basic concepts of the world, lays down a framework for a child to begin with concrete interactions and progress to a more symbolic and intellectual thinking process. During the sensorimotor or cognitive development stage, it was undetermined if Caligula experienced a delay in object performance (McAdams, 2009). Piaget maintained that when an infants develops the capability to imitate what they see, their reflex goes far beyond, whats in their environment (McAdams, 2009). As Caligulas personality and cognitive skills began to transform into a dictator, a more controversial theory emerged that could explain his behavior that is dissimilar from Sheldon and Piagets theories. Raymond Cattell, psychologist, argued that an individuals personality is defined as behavioral prediction (McAdams, 2009). During Cattells exploration in this personality arena, he identified three different classification of personality data, such as, life data, questionnaire data, and test data (McAdams, 2009). If historian was able to use this type of analysis during Caligulas reign of terror, the data combination from all three sources and the sixteen personality factor questionnaire, could have accurately foretold his character traits and improve behavioral predictions (McAdams, 2009). McAdams (2009) contended that a persons personality can be best described as inappropriate behavior and characteristics that can deviate from the norm that is explained in the Diagnostic and Stati stical Manual of mental disorders. Several theorist and historians suggest that Caligula exhibited a combination of narcissistic and antisocial personality disorder (McAdams, 2009). The mixture of the two makes one reflect on several of the most prolific serial killers of the century, for example, Manson, Gacy, Bundy and Dahmer. All were grandiose, lack sympathy for others, need or commanded admiration, cruel, aggressive, lack remorse, destroyed property or deliberately injured people (McAdams, 2009). The combination of the two was Emperor Caligulas character. McAdams (2009) discussed Kohlbergs theory concerning moral thinking or reasoning. Kohlberg contended that an individuals moral reasoning is undeveloped and this is the reason a person commits a crime. Kohlbergs stages of moral development are best described as preconventional, conventional and postconventional. Hans Eysencks theories differed from Eysencks personality theories (McAdams, 2009). Eysenck argued that certain personalities are born to commit atrocities (McAdams, 2009). He contended that a persons environment such as exposure to poverty and the wrong criminal element, can possibly account for criminal behavior. This can be better explained with terms proximal and distal contribution. Eysenck makes the argument that there are only three personality types, instead of Cattells sixteen traits. The four types of traits are extraversion, introversion, neuroticism and psychoticism. Psychoticism appeared to be the trait that Caligula displayed, gradually from childhood to adulthoo d. Although, it was documented by historians, Caligula was secretively cruel towards his followers, but after his close death experience due to an elevated fever, his behavior seemed to blatantly escalate to delusion of grandeur, extreme cruelty and antisocial behavior (McAdams, 2009). The torture techniques he ordered or participated in behind closed doors, was now done openly for his own personal amusement. Also, Eysenck questioned if genetics and biological functioning has anything to deal with genetics after investigating criminal behavior with the twin adoption method. In examining this concept is to examine Costa and McRaes Big Five traits, such as, extraversion, neuroticism, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness, Caligulas personality matched the facets of neuroticism, such as anxiety, angry hostility, depression, self-consciousness, impulsiveness and vulnerability. These traits sketched an outline of the persons personality and psychological qualities, yet, Allport contended that a persons trait is characterized as the consistency and coherence of human behavior which is called common traits and personal disposition. He further broke down these comparison and personal dispositions into different varieties, such as cardinal disposition, central disposition and secondary disposition. Building on the works of other theorists and causing years of controversy, Michel maintained that behavior is much more situationally specific than cross-situationally reliability (McAdams, 2009). He proposed that trait labels occurs more in the minds of spectators than in the actual personality of the individual being observed. In Caligulas case, his overall pattern of cruelty was linked to a certain stimuli, for instance, as a result of his excessive spending habits; he would raise taxes or extorted money from individuals who participated in the treason trials. In examining the behaviorist and the socialist view pertaining to Caligulas personality is to study the behavior that is learned in the environment. There are two different fundamental forms of learning such as classical and instrumental conditioning, in which Caligula displayed quite often. He would reward those who worship him and executed individuals who spoke against him. In studying personality, the most comprehensive and controversial theories of Sigmund Freud was his in-depth case studies. His original and cutting edge theory of personality was based on the hypothesis that there are two key elements of which our personality is based on, the consciousness and unconsciousness, whereas, Psychologists, John Dollard and Neil Miller maintained that observed drive, cue, response, and reinforcement was the critical component in personality. This was regarded as a series of learned behaviors. Freud argued that a persons personality is an organized in a psychological and physical compon ent inside a person. This component has the ability to create and determine the individuals unique characteristic behaviors. Historian documented that when Caligula was three years old, he would accompany his father on several of his military campaigns. One can only guess, how many times Caligula was left unattended in the company of soldiers, who either demonstrated or exposed him to perverted desires that he locked in his unconsciousness that were too disturbing or horrible to keep consciously aware. Although, there are historians who chronicled Caligulas childhood, there is limited information if he was molested as a child; yet, there are chronological record of events of him observing Emperor Tiberiuss brutal behavior towards men and women, especially those who spoke against him. This may have been the foundation that shaped Caligulas behavior and personality, in which psychologists calls observational learning. The positive version of this behavior is called modeling, yet, as C aligula exposure wasnt exactly positive. Bandura argued that when children imitate adults behavior, they can astonishingly create and plot torture strategies of their own. At a young age, Caligulas early message was that aggressive behaviors towards others were acceptable and being merciful with their captive does not stimulate the same aberrant responses. Caligula innate and thirst for control and power molded a miniature Tiberius. Even though, Freud ideas has met harsh criticism, he may have been on to something in understanding the basic structure and psyche of an individuals psychosexual development. Freud contended that a persons personality represents a power struggle hidden within himself; that the id controls our impulses, therefore, when the ego is able to negotiate between the id and superego, the superego is able to keep a person on the path of moral integrity and proper conduct. Furthermore, Freud argued that a persons unique character is the product of how an individual s behavior develops during childhood. As a child, Caligula suffered many challenges during his early stages of development in which possibly effected his growth and maturity, wherein Freud called the oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency stage and genital stage. Probably during the psychosexual development called the latency stage, the onset of the puberty stages became dominated. Historian writes of Caligulas selfishness and pleasure seeking behavior, as he engaged in inappropriate conduct to get what he wanted, in which was acquired through, abnormal, calculating, heartless and unpleasant manner.

Educational Goals and Philosophy Essay example -- Education Teaching E

Statement of Educational Goals and Philosophy My desire to become a teacher began while I was in junior high school however; my family, friends, and coaches basically turned me against it. They said it was a jobless market with no future. At that age, those people were very impressionable on my decisions, and because of this I became disillusioned about my career, and at that point I just knew I wanted to attend college. Once in college, I found my niche in the social sciences. I love reading and learning about history, psychology, religion, politics, government, social issues, and diverse cultures. I was able to double major in the fields of history and geography while gaining a minor in political science. My intention was to attend law school. Then I meet the woman that would become my wife. She has changed my life. My wife will be an elementary school teacher and she opened my eyes to the joy and appreciation of teaching. If there has been an inspiration in my decision to become teacher, my wife has been it. A lawyer makes the money, but where is the integrity. I wanted to do something in life that I could be proud of doing. Teaching makes a difference in society, and is definitely a noble profession. The purpose of public education is preparing the student for life. Rousseau says, â€Å"We are born with a blank slate and life is a constant learning experience.† Throughout a life time the human mind is constantly filled with information. As educators we must believe that we are making an impact on a life; that we are making a difference. We must pass on knowledge to a younger generation so they can improve society. Education is the key to success, and all teachers are a contributing factor to an individual’s succ... ...lthough middle school age requires special attention because that is a time of so many changes in the child’s life, I still am prepared for the challenge. If I can help children gain knowledge I have succeeded regardless of age. Eventually, I would like to gain a doctorate in history or theology. I think partly because of a thirst for knowledge, and partly because I come from a family of ministers. Religion has been an interest and a large part of my life. Perhaps, I could even become a part-time college professor. For now, I think secondary social studies needs me more. Teachers play a large role in a child’s life. They must fulfill many roles. The role of a teacher is not just to educate. A teacher has the opportunity to be a positive role model. I want to have a positive effect on as many students as possible, but even just a few can be reward enough for me.

Regulating Food Advertising for Children

Regulating Food Advertising for Children Mollie Burdick February 14, 2012 HU 101 Critical Thinking Herzing University Online The most popular form of advertisement that companies use is association. This is done by having a famous actor or actress endorse the product by being in a commercial or using that product in their television show or movie. This form of advertisement is more effective in teens wanting to fit in. For even younger children they base what they want by what character or toy is in the commercial or on the front of the box. For example: Tony the tiger, Toucan Sam, and The Captain from Captain Crunch.Children associate things being good for them when they see them presented to them in this way, especially when they hear for example Tony the tiger saying â€Å"their great! † This is why, â€Å"thirty years ago, the marketing industry established the Children’s Advertising Review Unit (CARU) specifically to recognize that material which might be truthful and non-deceptive for adults could still mislead young people† (Liodice, R). There are guidelines for just about every aspect of our lives. Now they are trying to enforce stricter guidelines on how companies advertise their product.But can this be done without violating a company’s right for the freedom of speech? Yes, companies just need to be a little more creative. So in order to help fight childhood obesity, Liodice explains that â€Å"companies, individuals, families, schools, governments and the media need to work together in ways that will bring better health to everyone in this country† Advertisements are being targeted the hardest because children spend way too much time watching television. The average child watches about one thousand hours of television a year. â€Å"On average, children ages 2-5 spend 32 hours a week in front of a TV.Kids ages 6-11 spend about 28 hours a week in front of the TV and 71% of 8- to 18-year-olds have a TV in their bedroo m. † says Kyla Boyse. This shows that children are not being active enough and they are losing their imagination. Our lives are governed by guidelines in every form. But can this be done without violating a company’s right for the freedom of speech? Yes, companies just need to be a little more creative. So in order to help fight childhood obesity, â€Å"companies, individuals, families, schools, governments and the media need to work together in ways that will bring better health to everyone in this country† (Liodice, R).One of the things that the guidelines ignored is â€Å"the point and the fact that adults make the vast majority of food purchases for their families, particularly for younger kids† (Liodice, R). So if the adults don’t buy it the kids wouldn’t be able to eat it. But what the guidelines did not forget is what children do, to get what they want. Example how children will through a temper tantrum if they can’t have what t hey want. So the adults have a tendency to give in to keep the child calm. This problem I blame on the government for taking punishment out of the home.Adults are powerless against children in fear of going to jail for child abuse or child endangerment. Personally I feel a trip to the wood shed would be called for, it never hurt us, but it did get our attention. In order to help stop the bad influences of food commercials on children, companies have started backing off how many food commercials they advertise. According to Nielsen Media Research there was a thirteen percent decline (Liodice, R). Especially during the prime time when children are watching television. This is a start but not the cure for childhood obesity.This is not just a media problem. This is a problem starts at home, children need to play outside more in the fresh air so they get the exercise. T. V. was not designed to be a babysitter, but seeing it has become a babysitter schools, government, companies, individu als, and families all need to work together to stopping childhood obesity. References Boss, J (2010) Think: Critical Thinking and Logic Skills for Everyday Life. Retrieved on February 14, 2012 Kyla Boyse, RN. , August 2010, Television and Children, Retrieved on February 14, 2012 from http://www. med. umich. edu/yourchild/topics/tv. htm

Costco Versus Sam’s Club Essay

The navigator basis of image has the control to navigate the company through external issues. Costco employs a divisional organizational structure that is nationwide and divided into three different divisions. Each division is controlled by an Executive Vice President and the regions are divided for the Senior Vice President. Costco opens its stores in different states such as the first time to open in South Carolina, â€Å"It’s pretty much spread like wildfire† (McMaster, 2001). One of the pressure for change was the economy and the recession that the businesses encountered and to be more strategic than its competitors to sell products as bulk to save money and make the consumer happy especially with large families. Sam’s Club does not have as much pressure as Costco would since Sam’s Club is a subsidiary of Walmart which is the largest retail store chain all across the world. â€Å"In this image, some, but not all, change intentions are achievable. Power, processes, interests, and the different skill levels of managers affect their ability to produce intentional change outcomes† (Ian Palmer 26). Costco and Sam’s Club are able to embrace the changes and the great outcomes by thousands of members who shop at the companies. Costco differ from other retail companies by the wholesale products that consumers can buy in bulk while still saving money in the long run even with the annual membership that Costco and Sam’s Club charges. The other change manager at Costco and Sam’s Club is that they both utilize the highlights of the goals as a coach because the way training goes, both warehouse company focuses on not only delegating the work but actions leading with words. For example, when customers are shopping for a certain item and the manager trains the employees on the products, what’s coming in and what’s going out, and also following schematics to ensure customers that when they shop at each parenting store, the customers are able to find the product in any store and in any state. One of the models that Costco and Sam’s Club seem to use is the 7-S Framework because the managers have goal sets, strategies and structure on how to train the employees and how they want the job to be performed. As a warehouse company, new products will arrive such as groceries and out goes the old because they are perishable. Based on the readings, â€Å"The 7-S Framework was developed by the McKinsey & Company consultants Robert Waterman Jr., Tom Peters, and Julien Phillips. It is based on the propositions that organizational effectiveness comes from the interaction of multiple factors and successful change requires attention to the interconnectedness of the variables. They characterize the factors into seven categories: structure, strategy, systems, style, staff, skills, and superordi-nate goals (Ian Palmer 125). The only bad thing about the 7-S framework is that its weakness is viewing at the external aspects because the products sold are not for just one type of demogra phic but more than one by offering different type of products and services. SWOT Analysis Since Costco and Sam’s Club are both huge warehouse retailers, each one has strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Not only are the analyses internal, they are also external. Both have high employee retention because they do treat the employees well by offering above average salaries and great benefits. As for externally, both warehouse companies offer other products and services such as food courts, sell and install tires, gasoline, and business cards. As the class textbook says, â€Å"The Strategic Inventory involves a much more sophisticated analysis than that provided by the ubiquitous SWOT analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats). The danger with SWOT analysis is that it very easily becomes a listing not of strengths but â€Å"believed strengths,† not of weaknesses but â€Å"believed weaknesses,† and so forth† (Ian Palmer 137). Costco strengths offer a wide variety of products, high end and mid range, online and services but have a weak compliance function which limits the customer to product choices. One of the opportunities for Costco is that they have a growing demand for private labeling on their products which well known as Kirkland but with the foreign exchange rate fluctuations, the profit margins may seem lower than expected and services are much less used in other countries. Costco’s wide spread geographic presence though has its benefits, also exposes the company to the threat of foreign exchange rate fluctuations. Stated in the datamonitor, â€Å"Costco has operations in the US, Puerto Rico, Canada, the UK, Korea, Taiwan, Japan, Mexico and Australia. Thus, the company generates revenue in many other currencies besides its domestic currency which is the US dollar† (Costco Wholesale Corporation, 2011). Below listed is Costco SWOT analysis on Appendix A. Sam’s Club strengths are much stronger based on the fact of its association with Wal Mart but causing weakness because of the same products can be found in Sam’s Club where members have to pay for a membership and the Wal Mart supercenters may have more products to choose from without membership fees. In the readings of Real Estate Dynamics in Broadlines Retail, â€Å"SAM’S has the greatest geographic breadth of the three players, but the least attractive real estate and demographics: SAM’S faces the least competition with other clubs given that over 60% of the markets in which it has a presence are single-player club markets, and almost 40% of its store base is in these markets† (Turf Wars, pg. 55). The opportunities that Sam’s Club is offering online products and services, since Wal Mart also does online purchases, this gives the companies a greater advantage with Ecommerce. One of the weaknesses that Sam Club faces is that not only does the products and services overlaps with Wal Mart but also with other wholesale warehouse such as Costco. Below Listed is the SWOT analysis of Sam’s Club on Appendix B. Recommendation The recommendations for further actions within the organizations and the rationale chosen would be to focus more on the competitors’ products and services and match it or beat it by a certain percentage. There are two main retail wholesalers which are Costco and Sam’s club, keep as is ensures they are on top and not being able to monopolize the business. With antitrust laws, an agreement between competitors, this prevents the monopoly of powers, certain restrictions on mergers, and not only does it protect the sellers but also the buyers as well (www.antitrustlaws.org). References: Costco Wholesale Corporation SWOT Analysis. (2012). Costco Wholesale Corporation SWOT Analysis, 1-9. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. DATAMONITOR: Costco Wholesale Corporation. (2011). Costco Wholesale Corporation SWOT Analysis, 1-10. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Ian Palmer. Managing Organizational Change, 2nd Edition. McGraw-Hill Learning Solutions, 2008. . John, M. (n.d).Costco to Open First South Carolina Store with Promotional Giveaway. Post And Courier, The (Charleston, SC), Retrieved from EBSCOhost. The Warehouse Club Industry. (2004). Black Book – Turf Wars: Real Estate Dynamics in Broadlines Retail, 55-81. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Retrieved from the internet: http://www.antitrustlaws.org/ http://www.freeswotanalysis.com/retailing-swot/225-sams-club-swot-analysis.html http://www.yousigma.com/comparativeanalysis/costcowholesaleswot.pdf

The tourism and events

The rapid growth of events In the past decade led to the formation of an Identifiable events Industry (Bowdon et al. , 2006). This paper will be focusing mainly on the sports events Industry and will Identify and discuss what the events Industry actually has to offer. Firstly It will investigate the different sizes of sporting events followed by examining its characteristics and their economic value.The past motive for an event used to be creating an opportunity to get away from the normal routine of day to day life and loud spring organically from communities or prompted by personal, individual milestones usually triggered by nostalgia. An event could also be a cultural occasion such as Christmas when all societies can celebrate and commemorate together. Personal and cultural occasions are no longer the only motive for an event, today the events industry is widely known for generating extremely attractive business chances and Is frequently economically motivated.Sporting events appe al to a large number of participants and spectators and can vary In size from community events, for example the local schools sports day, to a mega event such as the Olympics or the World Cup. Hallmark events and major events are the other two groups within the industry that events are categorized under. Marries in Get (2005, p. 1 8) defines a mega event in the following way: â€Å"Their volume should exceed one million visits, their capital cost should be at least $500 million, and their reputation should be that of a ‘must see' event. Where as Get (2005, p. 6) will interpret a mega event to be one that also yields extraordinarily high levels of tourism, media coverage & prestige. The proliferation of sporting events are linked to a combination of factors, one of them being IT and communications. As technology has developed the coverage of sport can now be broadcast to a global audience, this attracts companies and sponsors who will Inject money into the event and use It as a marketing and advertising opportunity. Sporting events are major contributors to the economic growth and development of the host country. † Road et 2011) Mega sprung events can help promote and develop cities and be utilized to Improve transport infrastructure, adapt buildings, construct cultural spaces, landmarks and dernier sports facilities. They can increase tourism levels, which can then have a positive knock on effect to the local community. Local businesses will benefit and the injection of income into the local economy can potentially create more Jobs.These mega events attract global media coverage, it can put the hosting country at a new level of local, national and international importance and the venue can become a tourism landmark for the foreseeable future. â€Å"The London 201 2 Games have definitively served as a catalyst for development and Improvements, both tangible and Intangible, which would otherwise have taken decades to achieve. There Is no doubt that the citizens of London and Great Brutal will benefit from the Games for a long time to come. † (Great Britain, UK Government. 013) potential threats and inconveniences have to be considered. The risk of terrorist attacks on the events location can drastically increase, the event could have negative effects on the environment and traffic congestion can become an inconvenience for participants, spectators and locals if the right planning and management has not been addressed. Sporting events employ drama and can attract large numbers of people so to keep negative impacts on the host country or organization to a minimum understanding the events characteristics is an important factor when planning an event of any size.Event managers should investigate the area type; whether it is in a rural, urban or metro environment, the event location and the time the event is held and its duration, a prediction of the expected attendance and who the event is aimed at and how you are going to market the event and finally how your going to accommodate your customers and participants. In sporting events you also need to consider the sports governing body and employ the correct professionals to ensure he governing body rules and regulations are met and maintained throughout the event.For a mega event such as the Olympics the opening and closing ceremonies and the medals being awarded to the competitors are significant and memorable characteristics of the sporting event. In conclusion, the events industry has a lot to offer, with the government's support, increase in tourism and continuing to create ways in which to attract events to the county the industry will continue to flourish and play a significant role in the economy, as well as having a positive input on the coal community and the host country it will also go on to provide memorable experiences for those involved.

Marketing Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing Research - Essay Example Moreover, it gives the researchers and designers the ability to open-up innovative, creative, and new outcomes or results but not necessarily the product. The information derived from these designs is helpful in the improvement of the artistic nature of a particular product, and the eventual improved marketability and value. This is because people have preferences of new designs that have not been redundant and common within the marketing spectrum. Within a company, this product value-addition is not only valuable, but also necessary. Exploratory designs encompass a wide range of application. For instance, it may be used in drawing both informal sketching and formal drafting during the process of mechanical design. Notably, there are five hypotheses focused on the types of drawings, their necessity in problem solving and relation, preferable research designs, methodologies of collecting data and selection of a subject. It should help to derive a definitive conclusion selectively putt ing in concern that, the deductions it makes do not necessarily imply a problem solution (Zikmund & Babin 135). This research design, majorly rely on secondary research. This include informal discussions with employees, consumers, competitors and management; data and literature review and more formal approaches like focus groups, projective methods, in-depth interviews, pilot and case studies. It also applies the use of internet in carrying out research (Creswell & Clark 100). This allows for research methods, which are highly interactive in nature. Feeds like RSS, provide updated information, leading search engine results can be sent to researchers by electronic mails through Google alerts and comprehensive search results are obtained over long periods using Google trends. Results from exploratory research provide valuable and penetrating analysis of a particular situation. However, it may not be helpful in decision-making, qualitative nature of explanatory design often fails to an swer questions; ‘how often’ and /or ‘how many’; thus, it is likely to present errors when generalized (Grinnell & Unrau 42). Exploratory research include among others, social exploratory research, which tend to study how people interact within the setting under question and what meanings their actions portray and the issues that concern them (Zikmund & Babin 35). The objective here is to learn and try to find out social phenomena with no definite expectations. Exploratory research is majorly applied at preliminary stages of problems or an issue at hand. Its other feature is applied research in administration, which concerns the necessity of flexibility in handling and dealing with the problem (Muller 57). Moreover, there are data limits and the imperative decision-making. Field research and case studies are also among other research methodologies, which fall under exploratory research designs. Exploratory research helps in gathering preliminary information that is useful in defining a problem and making hypotheses suggestions. Since it involves description, it describes things like the market potentiality for a product or the demographics and consumer attitude. Hypotheses are tested about the cause-effect relationship. This helps in determining which variable might cause a certain behavior (Hague 183). Correct definition of a problem is highly critical in any company.