Animal Testing As A Tool For Growth Among Many Industries

Since you were born animal testing was used in your everyday products. The Pampers, Band-Aids, and Visine you purchased were all animal tested products. Every year, millions of animals go through painful experiments usually resulting in death. Normally, scientists use animals to determine and refine a variety of drugs, vaccines, cosmetics, and other chemicals. In the past 50 years, the United States used animal testing as a tool for growth among many industries. With 80 million animals painfully killed in U.S laboratories, animal experimentations has been a heavy controversial topic. Although people truly benefit from animal research, the inescapable pain, suffering, and death are not worth the benefits. Animals used in the name of research is wrong and needs to be stopped. There is the slightest bit of enforced regulation when it comes to animal testing. The Animal Welfare Act (AWA) is the one and only federal law that ensures humane protection, treatment, and transportation for ani mals in laboratories (Neavs 2014). Unfortunately, the AWA only protects certain species while denying rats, mice, and birds that make up about ninety percent of animals in facilities. The remaining ten percent are warm-blooded animals such as: dogs, cats, monkeys, rabbits, which are covered by minimal regulations for housing, feeding, and psychological well-being. The pain and suffering animals encounter are not worth reaping the benefits. Pain in animals is an aversive sensoryShow MoreRelatedCase Study for Avon8396 Words   |  34 PagesExternal Environment [PEST] 1. Political/Legal 2. Economic 3. Social-cultural 4. Technological B. SWOT Analysis * Strenght * Weakness * Opportunity * Threats C. Industry AnalysisThreat of New EntrantsBargaining Power of SuppliersBargaining Power of BuyersProduct SubsitutesIntensity of Rivalry among Competitors D. Matrix Used 1. Internal Factor Evaluation Matrix[IFE] 2. External Factor Evaluation Matrix [EFE] | 5-1011-1314 -1919-22 | 3. | Recommendations | 23-25 | 4. |Read MoreEssay on Marketing Analysis on Body Shop4410 Words   |  18 Pages Body Shop has a strict no animal testing policy. In fact The Body Shop is the first international cosmetics brand to be recognized under the Humane Cosmetics Standard for our Against Animal Testing policy. The Body Shop is a leader in promoting greater corporate transparency, and it has been a force for positive social and environmental change through our campaigns around our five core Values: Support Community Trade, Defend Human Rights, Against Animal Testing, Activate Self-Esteem, and ProtectRead MoreThe Body Shop3891 Words   |  16 Pageswill be used in order to examine the industry in which The Body Shop operates. The cosmetic industry has many players and the competition is particularly tense in that multi-billion dollars industry. We will examine the company’s position within that industry vis-à  -vis the competitors. EVR congruence is another effective model that implies congruence between an organization’s environment, its resources and its values and culture. Finally, after using these tools and models to better understand theRead MoreMarketing Sephora4083 Words   |  17 Pages* Introduction * Company overview * Market Trend Analysis * Political * Economic * Socio –Cultural * Technological * Environmental * Legal * Industry Trend Analysis * Threat of entry * Supplier Power * Customer Power * Buyer power * Threat of substitute products * Rivalry among existing firms * Customer * SWOT * Strengths * Weaknesses * Opportunities * Threats * Recommendations * Conclusion Introduction Despite unattractiveRead MoreIdentify the Mission, Values and Key Objectives of an Organization of Your Choice and Assess the Influence of Stakeholders4521 Words   |  19 Pagesnatural products and they are against animal cruelty. They use plants resources wisely. The body shop is different because of their values. Ms Dame Anita roddick, was a human rights activist and the founder of the body shop. AGAINST ANIMAL TESTING Every one of the body shops products is animal cruelty free and vegetarian. they were the first international cosmetics brand to be recognized under the Humane Cosmetics Standard for our Against Animal Testing policy. FOR TRADING FAIRLY Read MoreFood Production Of Genetically Modified Food2458 Words   |  10 Pagesabstaining from synthetic made pesticides, fertilizers containing harmful chemicals leaving dangerous residue, and inadequate diet and care of livestock. This is achieved by creating natural renewable resources using techniques involving: soil, nature, and animal treatment as well as imposing techniques to farm sustainably and with as little polluting inputs as possible† (usda.gov). The health benefits and environmental sustainability that organic certified systems produce are undeniable, adhering to the eliteRead MoreMarketing Communications Proposal for Bulldog Natural Grooming3558 Words   |  15 PagesMarketing Communications Proposal for Bulldog Natural Grooming 1) INTRODUCTION The UK men’s skincare industry was a  £57 million a year industry in 2008 and is highly competitive. It is still a miniature market when compared to the women’s skincare revenue which was 10 times higher in the same time. (http://www.mintel.com/press-centre/press-releases/237/mens-skincare-market-just-doesnt-scrub-up). It is under these circumstances that Bulldog was established by Simon Duffy and Rhodri FerrierRead MoreAnimal Rights And The Rights Of Animals1843 Words   |  8 Pages For many years now the world has seen controversy over the rights of animals and if they think and feel like humans do. Many people see animals as mindless creatures or as food, while others think they have emotions and can feel pain. In other countries animal protection laws are in place that are strictly enforced and seem to work well with the system. In the United States however; some of the animal rights laws are considered to be useless and under-enforced (Animal Legal Historical Center)Read MoreCosmetics’ Green Marketing as the Best Marketing Approach in 20th Century4243 Words   |  17 Pagesof this paper is to open a discussion about green marketing. We raise questions regarding how firm governance impacts the ability of firms to incorporate environmental objectives into profit maximization. Introduction Global Warming Threat to Growth Global warming could cut the world s annual economic output by as much as 20%, an influential report by Sir Nicholas Stern is expected to say. While that is a worst case scenario, the report claims that at the very best the cost of tackling globalRead MoreEstee Lauder: Integrated Marketing Communications plan4637 Words   |  19 PagesLauders current IMC strategy. The use of the Internet and Direct marketing has played a minimal role in Estee Lauders IMC program for Australia. This was identified as a weakness but also as a potential opportunity to expand and use these promotional tools in their future IMC program. Other weaknesses were based around poor and inappropriate promotional strategies for reaching their intended youth market and consumers in their twenties. Brand image, price, package and product design were seen as being

The Health Of The Mental Health Field Essay - 1324 Words

Working in the mental health field has exposed me to different clients with psychosocial behaviors, and I have viewed how individuals are often impacted in our cultural, societal and environmental system. I have also observed the impact it has in clients when there are policy changes in an agency. The focus of this analysis is to further provide an examination of agency policies, operations conflict, steps that can be taken in administrative level and steps in the micro level to resolve conflicts that may arise. The focus of this analysis will also concentrate on a community mental health agency named Enki Health Research System, Inc., (ENKI) that helps children with different behavioral difficulties. One way in which your agency’s policies or operations reflect the value-base of the social work profession. The identified agency is Enki Health Research Systems, Inc., (ENKI) office in El Monte. Enki provides mental health services in different service areas and offers mental health services to children and families, as well as adults, and also focuses on providing services for youth and families. ENKI’s current mission is to provide, â€Å"Multicultural Multilingual behavioral health services to SED children and adolescents and severely and persistently mentally,† (ENKI, 2012). In the area of youth and family programs the agency has developed programs that are designed to provide a supportive environment to promote healthy development. At the same time, the agency’sShow MoreRelatedThe Field Of Mental Health1275 Words   |  6 PagesThe field of mental health has evolved over the last century and a half due to medical advancements in the field. Mental illness is no longer seen as a hopeless situation for Americans to deal with. People with mental challenges can ha ve productive lives with the proper treatment. Today, fewer stigmas are associated with having mental illness. A more humane approach occurs in psychiatric medicine than in the past decades. The practice of lobotomy was stopped in 1967 it was a controversial procedureRead MoreThe Field Of Mental Health2789 Words   |  12 PagesScientist Practitioner Gap in the Field of Mental Health Implementing evidence-based practices (EBPs) for the treatment of psychological disorders represents a major challenge within the field of mental health. Literally hundreds of evidence-based treatments (EBTs) and thousands of evidence based assessment (EBA) tools are available; however such practices are generally not implemented in routine clinical practice (Chorpita et al. 2014 presentation; Weston, Novotny, Thompson-Brenner, 2004a; 2004b;Read MoreThe Field Of Mental Health1739 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The field of mental health can be complicated as it involves patients that present with a variety of diagnosis, where every patient may get a different form of treatment and medication. One can say that mental health disorders can be convoluted as the psychiatrists are faced with the arduous task of prescribing medication, via trial and error. Particularly because irregularities are found between the use of antidepressants and bipolar disorder (Bauer et al., 2013). This writer was inspiredRead MoreThe Field Of Mental Health Counseling1201 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Burnout in the field of Mental Health Counseling is a serious concern for everyone involved, whether the person is just beginning their journey, or if they are a seasoned veteran with years of experience. Unless, the person has a prevention plan in place and adds it into their busy schedule and does not stray from their commitment of their self-care program. It is easy when we get busy to skip a day here and there and the next thing you know we have not taken care of ourselves forRead MoreThe Field Of Community Mental Health890 Words   |  4 PagesThe concept of tenure has always been a foreign notion to me. I believe this is mostly due to the fact that I do not work in the field of education. I work in the field of community mental health, where the concept of, â€Å"a job for life† is a ridiculous one. I completely understand that most of those who work in education would consider my previous statement a form of blasphemy, however I still attempt to take up and suppor t my position. The history of education reveals that tenure held a muchRead MoreThe Mental Health Care Field2209 Words   |  9 PagesIn the United States the Mental Health Care field is one of the most underserved areas of healthcare. The mental healthcare field faces many challenges to the proper treatment of patients from both a societal and professional standpoint. From a societal perspective a negative stereotype is associated with patients seeking psychiatric care. Patients seeking care are often labeled as defective or damaged. Add in the complication that most patients with mental illness appear to be normal, acceptingRead MoreMental Health And Medical Fields1812 Words   |  8 PagesDepression is a broad term for a mental illness that can occur at any stage in life under different criteria that must be met as stated in the DSM5. Researchers in the mental health and medical fields have found many different links to depression. Unfortunately, the exact cause of depression cannot be de scribed in terms of â€Å"one size fits all.† Although types of depression can be long lasting or short-lived, there are a variety of ways to effectively manage depressive episodes. Jeremy Oliver describesRead MoreThe Mental Health Field Of Social Work1339 Words   |  6 PagesKathleen M. Gilbert is a social worker for Little Flower Children and Family Services in Jamaica, New York. Ms. Gilbert works in the mental health field of social work as a psychotherapist part time where she provides counseling and emotional support on Mondays, Tuesdays, and Wednesdays in the late afternoons and evenings. Alongside social work, Ms. Gilbert is an instructor at Nassau Community College. She has been employed at Nassau Community College and Little Flower Children and Family for tenRead MoreThe Planning Function Of The Mental Health Field1378 Words   |  6 PagesFinal Paper As a company in the mental health field it is detrimental to not only the success of the corporation but also the patients that the management team is able to run an efficient system, the five management functions set a clear plan to establish these goals. I have worked for PsyCare Inc. for six years. The companies slogan is â€Å"A healthier mind, a healthier life, a healthier you†, to accomplish those goals for our patients it is imperative that the corporation run smoothly, allowing forRead MoreDual Relationships Within The Mental Health Field1901 Words   |  8 PagesIn the mental health field, dual relationships can often be damaging to both the client and the therapist. There are several situations where dual relationships, whether considered ethical or not, affect the course of treatment for the client, and the personal lives of therapists. Although some forms of dual or multiple relationships are unavoidable, engaging in a personal relationship between patient and cl ient always involves the possibility of skewing therapeutic results. Dual relationships are

Culture Made for Innovation free essay sample

It was founded by five businessmen in 1902 at the town of Two Harbors, Minn (3M, 2012). They originally financed the company to mine the mineral cornundum for grinding wheel abrasives but the investment became a failure because it turned out that the mineral was actually low-grade anorthosite (Goetz, 2011). After being done with mining, the founders bought a sand paper company but struggled on how to run it. Eventually, Lucius Ordway moved the company to St. Paul where 3M created some successful new inventions such as masking tape and cellophane tape (Goetz, 2011). 3M is known to have one of the most innovative work cultures. Over the years it has developed values and norms that are geared toward innovation. 3M believes its innovative work culture is a huge factor in its success. 3M Values To promote creativity and innovation, 3M has developed cultural values and norms that allow for employees to feel empowered, to experiment, and to take risks in order to come up with new products. We will write a custom essay sample on Culture Made for Innovation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Values are standards or guidelines that people use to figure out which types of behaviors, events, situations and outcomes are desirable or undesirable (George amp; Jones, 2012). Values can be divided into two categories: terminal and instrumental (George amp; Jones, 2012). A terminal value is defined as a desired end state or outcome that people seek to achieve (George amp; Jones, 2012). An instrumental value is defined as a desired mode or type of behavior (George amp; Jones, 2012). Instrumental values are what help an organization achieve its terminal values (George amp; Jones, 2012). At 3M some very important terminal values are innovativeness, superior quality, sustainability, and customer satisfaction (3M, 2012). In order to fulfill these terminal values, 3M employees are expected to adopt certain instrumental values such as being creative, acting with honesty and integrity, working hard, taking risks, learning from mistakes, and understanding customers and their needs (3M, 2012). 3M Norms To encourage employees to adopt these organizational values and behave in ways that are necessary to achieve organizational goals, 3M developed specific norms. Organizational norms are standards or styles of behavior considered acceptable for a group of people who perform a certain task or job. In other words, norms are informal rules that get formed over time to encourage employees to adopt the organization’s values and culture (George amp; Jones, 2012). Amongst all the values 3M possesses, innovativeness and creativity are of upmost importance. Many norms have been developed to speed up and increase innovation and creativity amongst its employees. 3M developed an informal norm that employees should spend 15 percent of their time to develop projects of their own choosing (George amp; Jones, 2012). Employees often use the 15 percent time program to pursue ideas they may have discovered through work but didn’t have time to follow up on it. Also since anyone in the company has the potential to come up with the next hit product, the 15 percent time program is open to everyone and not just the researchers (Goetz, 2011). Because of the 15 percent time program, another norm got developed. Employees of 3M from all different divisions, started to meet and have a science fair-like convention with their 15 percent program projects (Goetz, 2011). Employees would make posters about their project and explain/display them to everyone at the convention (Goetz, 2011). Another norm that developed due to the necessity of heightened innovation was the Golden Step Program (George amp; Jones, 2012). The Golden Step Program rewards employees at 3M with substantial monetary bonuses (George amp; Jones, 2012). These rewards are given to employees who come up with and create successful products such as the very popular Post-It notes (George amp; Jones, 2012). Whoever receives a Golden Step reward also gets admitted to the Carlton Hall of Fame which gives employees extra recognition (George amp; Jones, 2012). In order to avoid problems of employees in different functions focusing solely on their own tasks and to increase customer satisfaction, 3M developed a system of cross-functional teams made up of members from product development, process development, marketing, manufacturing, packaging, and other functions (George amp; Jones, 2012). This allowed for all groups to have a common focus, and allowed the teams to work more closely with customers. How 3M Values and Norms Affect its Employees Since innovation is a huge part of 3M’s organizational culture, a lot of the norms and values of the organization are geared toward increasing and speeding it up. Employees at 3M believe that the culture at 3M is great for innovation and self-development. Abdelhakeem a Product Sales Specialist at 3M in Saudi Arabia says â€Å"The concept of Self-Managed Career Development plan really drives me to succeed† (3M, 2012). Mary, a Supervisor of Customer Service says â€Å"Even across countries, 3M’s corporate values are not compromised† (3M, 2012). Teresa, an Accounting Supervisor at 3M says â€Å"3M’s culture provides a great base for personal and professional growth† (3M, 2012). From these employees’ opinions on 3M’s culture, it’s clear that 3M has created successful norms and values geared towards innovation that positively affects employee development and growth. Because of programs like the 15 percent program employees have an increased amount of autonomy which helps creativity and helps to keep employees motivated with their work. The introduction of cross functional teams help employees collaborate with each other and to learn about their own discipline and across diverse industries, businesses and products. Copying 3M Culture Depending on the organization, it can be difficult to copy 3M’s adaptive culture. Adaptive culture are those whose values and norms help an organization build momentum, grow, and change is needed to achieve its goals and be effective (George amp; Jones, 2012). A lot of work, time and costs may be needed in order to develop a culture like 3M’s. For example, in order for an organization’s employees to have 15 percent time to work on personal projects can be very expensive. The organization would have to invest a lot of money into their employees. This may be much easier for organizations that have a lot of money to invest and are well established versus organizations which are new and just starting out. However, other parts of 3M’s culture can be copied a bit easier such as having cross-functional teams. Creating cross functional teams doesn’t require as much money and time and can be very effective in creating a culture where employees have some level of autonomy and at the same time can collaborate with each other. The difficulty of copying 3M’s culture also depends on how adaptive the organization’s own culture is. It is usually harder for an organization that has strict rules and structure to develop a more adaptive culture like 3M. Conclusion 3M has done a remarkable job in creating norms that effectively encourage employees to adopt its values. It has setup great programs such as the 15 percent program and the Golden Step Program to encourage employees to innovate. The formation of cross functional groups allow employees to effectively create products based on customers’ needs and also allow for them to grow their knowledge in different areas. According to the feedback from 3M employees, it is clear that 3M’s efforts in creating a culture of innovation that conveys to its employees the values of excellence and innovation has paid off for 3M.

Business accounting and the finance Pearson - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about Business accounting and finance Pearson. Answer: Company description: This report has been prepared on an Australian company which name is TPG Telecom limited. This company is working under the IT industry and the Australian telecommunication industry. The main services of the company are mobile telephone services and the internet services. According to a report, TPG telecom is the second largest comapny in Australian market in internet service provider companies. This company is mainly a merger between total peripherals group. This company has been founded in 1992 by Vickey Teoh and David. Basically, this company is performing well in terms of finance as well as in terms of finance (About us, 2018). Ownership governance structure: Substantial stakeholders: Ownership corporate governance of the TPG telecom expresses about the way good structure of the investors. 82.74% stock of the company own by the top 20 shareholders. The largest shareholder of the company is WASHINGTON H SOUL PATTINSON AND COMPANY LIMITED. The company has held 25.15% stock of the company. Currently, there are 6 stockholders in the company who has more than 5% stock in the companys shares and only 1 stockholder has more than 20% stock. Figure 1: Top twenty shareholders (Annual Report, 2018) Main people: Further, the annual report describe the CEO, executive directors, non executive directors, CFO etc of the company has been evaluated and David Teoh is the executive chairman of the company, Denis Ladbury, Robert Millner, Joseph Pang and Shane Teoh is the non executive directors of the company. The report of top 20 shareholders of the company explains that no members of the company have more than 2% stock of the company (Annual Report, 2018). Performance ratios: Performance ratios of the company have been described below. Performance ratios explain about the positive changes, position and the performance of the company. Following are some of the performance ratios of TPG Telecom as follows: Return on assets: Return on assets of the company explains that the performance of the company is quite better. It explains that how much profit is earned by the company in context with the total assets. Following is the calculations of return on assets of the company: A. Return on assets= NPAT/ total Assets 414/3911 10.59% (Jiashu, 2009) Return on equity: Return on equity of the company explains that the performance of the company is quite better. It explains that how much profit is earned by the company in context with the total equity. Following is the calculations of return on equity of the company: B. Return on Equity= Net profit after tax/ ordinary equity 414/1449 28.57% Debt ratios: Debt ratios of the company explain about the position and the capital structure of the company. The current capital structure of the company is way better. It explains that how much total liabilities are held by the company in context with the total liability. Following is the calculations of debt ratio of the company: C. Debt Ratios = Total Liabilities/ total assets 1516/3911 38.76% EBIT / TA * NPAT / EBIT * TA/ OE = NPAT / OE (598/3911)*(414/598)*(3911/1449)= (414/1449) 28.57% 28.57% TA/OE: Total assets and total equity determine the ROA and ROE of the company with the help of the Net profit after tax. If the total assets and the total equity of an organization changes than it directly makes an impact over the ROA and the ROE (Deegan, 2013). ROA and ROE: The above calculations on the TPG telecoms ROE and ROA have been evaluated and it has been found that the ROA and ROE of the company is 10.59% and 28.57%. It explains that the return on equity is always greater than the return on assets due to the accounting principle which states that the assets are the total of liabilities and the equity. Changes in stock price: The study of stock price has been evaluated further and it has been analyzed that the stock price of the company and the stock price of AORD, both are quite volatile in nature and explains about the good performance of the company (Yahoo finance, 2018). The following graph explains about the stock prices of both the stocks: Figure 2: Changes in stock price (Yahoo Finance, 2018) Evalaution: Further, the graph epxlains that the correlation of the company is in negative as it explains about the negative relationship among both the stocks. It epxlains that the changes in the stock of TPG is quite higher than the volatility of AORD stocks. Further, it explains that currently the stock price of the company is way better (Brown, Beekes and Verhoeven, 2011). Significant factors: Further, the factors has been evalauted which have imapcted on the stock price and due to which the stock of the company has been changed. The main reason behind chnage is the competetion level of the company, current report about the company that is the second largest company in the industry, further, the analysts has described in their report about a better position of the company in the market (Davies and Crawford, 2011). On the other hand, due to new technology and compatetion the stock price of the company has been lowered 2 to 3 times. Calculation of CAPM and beta values: Beta: The calculation on the stock price of the company depicts that the beta of the company is 0.7415. Required rate of return: The required rate of return of the company is as follows: Calculation of cost of equity (CAPM) RF 4.00% RM 6.00% Beta 74.15% Required rate of return 5.48% (Morningstar, 2018) Explanation: The above calculations express that the companys cost in terms of equity is 5.48%. If the company wants to raises the funds through equity than the company has to pay 5.48% of total profit as cost of equity to the stockholders of the company. The cost of equity of the company is moderate. Conservative company: According to the evaluation, it has been found that the risk of the company is lower and return of the company is quite higher and thus the company is a conservative investment. WACC calculations: Calculations of WACC are as follows: Calculation of WACC Price Cost Weight WACC Debt 949 4.20% 0.39575 0.01662 Equity 1,449 5.48% 0.60425 0.03313 2,398 Kd 4.98% (Morningstar, 2018) Working Note: Calculation of cost of debt Outstanding debt 949 interest rate 6% Tax rate 0.3 Kd 4.20% Calculation of cost of equity (CAPM) RF 4.00% RM 6.00% Beta 74.51% Required rate of return 5.48% Evaluation: The above calculations express that the companys cost in terms of equity is 5.48% and in terms of debt is 4.2%. If the company wants to raises the funds through equity than the company has to pay 5.48% of total profit as cost of equity to the stockholders of the company. On the other hand, in terms of debt, company has to pay 4.2%. The cost of equity of the company is higher than the cost of debt of the company. The above calculations express that the cost of capital of the company is 4.07%. Debt ratios: Optimal capital structure: Optimal capital structure of the company explains that the liabilities of the company have been reduced by the company to manage a better capital structure. 2017 2016 Debt Ratios Total Liabilities/ total assets Total Liabilities/ total assets 1516/3911 1997/3771 38.76% 52.96% (Brown, Beekes and Verhoeven, 2011) Gearing ratios: Gearing ratios of the company explains about the liabilities of the company which has been reduced and the borrowings of the company has been increased in current month and thus the gearing ratios of the company has been lowered. 2017 2016 Gearing ratios Total Liabilities/ Capital employed Total Liabilities/ Capital employed 1516/(3911-568) 1997/(3771-514) 45.35% 61.31% Dividend policy: The annual report of the company expresses that the company offers a great dividend to the company with a 1.25% growth rate each year. It depicts that the company is following relevant dividend policies (Annual report, 2018). Relevant dividend policies are a part of dividend policies. These policies explain to the company that they should announce and give a good amount of dividend to the stockholder so that the investment level of the company could be enhanced. Recommendation and Conclusion: To, The Client. Date: 29th Jan 2017. Subject: Recommendation about investment. Dear Client, It is recommended to you to invest into TPG telecom. The report of evaluation of TPG telecom briefs that the current position of the company is quite attractive. It presents that the huge profit is earned by the company and the great amount of dividend is given to the shareholders of the company. The market stock price of the company is also good. It explains that the investors should invest into the company. So, it is the best option for you to invest right now. Faithfully, Financial Analyst. References: About us. 2018. TPG Telecom Limited. viewed Jan 25, 2018, https://www.tpg.com.au/ Annual Report. 2018. TPG Telecom Limited. viewed Jan 25, 2018, https://www.tpg.com.au/about/pdfs/FY17%20Annual%20Report.pdf Brown, P., Beekes, W., and Verhoeven, P. 2011. Corporate governance, accounting and finance: A review.Accounting finance,51(1), 96-172. Davies, T. and Crawford, I., 2011. Business accounting and finance. Pearson. Davies, T. and Crawford, I., 2011.Business accounting and finance. Pearson. Deegan, C., 2013. Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Jiashu, G. 2009. Study on Fair Value Accountingon the essential characteristics of financial accounting [J].Accounting Research,5, 003. Morningstar. 2018. TPG Telecom Limited. viewed Jan 25, 2018, https://financials.morningstar.com/cash-flow/cf.html?t=XBER:YSTregion=deuculture=en-US Yahoo Finance. 2018. TPG Telecom Limited. viewed Jan 25, 2018, https://au.finance.yahoo.com/quote/TPM.AX/chart?p=TPM.AX